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¹	ADARI 2025 search for MeV-scale DM using SENSEI at SNOLab. No signal observed. Limits placed in ${{\mathit \sigma}_{{{e}}}}$ vs. mass plane for light and heavy mediator models.

²	AGGARWAL 2025A search for MeV-scale DM scattering on ${{\mathit e}}$ at DAMIC-M. No signal observed. Limits placed in m(DM) vs. ${{\mathit \sigma}_{{{e}}}}$ plane for light and heavy mediator models. Quoted limit is for m(DM) = 10 MeV for heavy mediator model with F$_{DM}$ = 1.

³	ALBAKRY 2025 report on search for MeV-scale DM using HVeV detectors at SuperCDMS. No signal observed. Limits placed in various planes for different DM hypotheses. Quoted limit is for ${{\mathit \sigma}_{{{e}}}}$ for light WIMP interacting via heavy mediator with F$_{DM}$ = 1 and m(DM) = 10 MeV.

⁴

BAUDIS 2025 search for MeV-scale DM via microwire-based superconducting nanowire single-photon detector (SNSPD) as a target and sensor for dark matter scattering and absorption in QROCODILE experiment. No signal observed. Limits placed in m(DM): $1 - 5000$ MeV vs. ${{\mathit \sigma}}$ plane for MeV-scale dark photon scattering from ${{\mathit e}}$ or nucleon via light or heavy mediator.

⁵	BLOCH 2025 report search for MeV-scale DM at SENSEI at SnoLab. No signal observed. Limits place in ${{\mathit \sigma}_{{{e}}}}$ vs. m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) plane. Quoted limit is for m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) = 1 MeV assuming light mediator.

⁶	CHOI 2025 search for keV range DM produced from dark photon decay in NEON experiment. No signal observed. Limits placed in ${{\mathit \sigma}_{{{e}}}}$ vs. m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) plane. Quoted limit is for m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) = 100 keV.

⁷	DU 2025 place bounds on strongly interacting DM scatter on ${{\mathit e}}$ using JWST images. No signal observed. Limits placed in ${{\mathit \sigma}_{{{e}}}}$ vs. m plane for assumed light mediator and fraction DM abundance.

⁸

LIANG 2025 reexamine SENSEI data using plasmon effect and considers that DM can be boosted scattering with cosmic rays.They place new limits on sub-MeV DM in m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) vs. ${{\mathit \sigma}_{{{e}}}}$ plane for light and heavy mediator. Quoted limit is from SENSEI light mediator reanalysis with m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) = 0.01 MeV.

⁹	SHEN 2025 search for MeV-scale solar boosted DM scatter on ${{\mathit e}}$. No signal observed. Limits placed in ${{\mathit \sigma}_{{{e}}}}$ vs m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) plane. Quoted limit is for m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) = 1 MeV.

¹⁰	ZHANG 2025B search for light GeV-scale wimps using run 0 and run 1 PandaX-4T data. No signal observed. Limits placed on ${{\mathit \sigma}_{{{e}}}}$ vs. m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) depending on assumed light/heavy mediator model.

¹¹	SHANG 2024 report on search for electron cosmic-ray boosted DM in keV range or below with PandaX-4T. No signal observed. Limits plotted in ${{\mathit \sigma}}({{\mathit \chi}}{{\mathit e}}$) vs m plane for m $\sim{}10^{-2} - 10^{3}$ keV.

¹²	ZHANG 2024A examine detection of accelerated MeV-scale DM on ${{\mathit e}}$ in ${}^{}\mathrm {Ge}$ semiconductor. Limits placed in ${{\mathit \sigma}_{{{e}}}}$ vs. m plane depending on various mediator assumptions.

¹³	AGNES 2023A search for MeV-scale DM scatter from ${{\mathit e}}$ using ${}^{}\mathrm {Ar}$. No signal observed. ${{\mathit \sigma}}({{\mathit \chi}}{{\mathit e}}$) $<$ $3 \times 10^{-3}$ pb for m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) = 30 MeV.

¹⁴	ARNQUIST 2023A search for LDM scatter on ${{\mathit e}}$ using CCDs. No signal observed. Require ${{\mathit \sigma}}({{\mathit \chi}}{{\mathit e}}$) $<$ $0.3$ pb for m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) = 10 MeV and F$_{DM}$ = 1 (Fig. 3b).

¹⁵	LI 2023F search for light DM in MeV range via scatter from ${{\mathit e}}$. No signal observed. Limits set. The quoted limit is for m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) = 0.2 GeV with F$_{DM}$ = 1.

¹⁶	AGOSTINI 2022 search for superWIMP particles using GERDA detector; no signal observed; limits placed in mass vs coupling plane for m(DM) $0.06 - 1$ MeV.

¹⁷	APRILE 2022 place new limits on WIMP-${{\mathit e}}$ scatter for dark photon and various multipole moments vs. WIMP mass for various DM models; quoted limit for m(WIMP) = 1 GeV in light mediator model.

¹⁸	BATTAGLIERI 2022 search for light MeV scale DM particles produced in JLAB beam dump; no signal observed; limits set in kinetic mixing vs. m(DM) plane for m(DM) $\sim{}$ $1 - 200$ MeV .

¹⁹	BOSE 2022 theoretically derive limits on WIMP-${{\mathit e}}$ scatter from solar gamma rays using data of Fermi-LAT; limit quoted for m(WIMP) = 5 GeV.

²⁰	GHOSH 2022 derive limits on sub-GeV boosted DM scatter from ${{\mathit e}}$ or ${{\mathit \nu}}$ using SuperK/XENON1T data; quoted limit for m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) = 1 MeV.

²¹	HOCHBERG 2022 search for sub-eV or sub-MeV scale DM scatter/absorption on ${{\mathit e}}$ in superconducting nanowire; no signal observed; limits set in m(DM) vs. cross section plane for sub-MeV-scale DM and in m(DM) vs. kinetic mixing plane for sub-eV-scale DM.

²²	ZHANG 2022A search for DM scatter on ${{\mathit e}}$ using CDEX-10; no signal observed; limits placed on ${\mathit \sigma (}{{\mathit \chi}}{{\mathit e}}{)}$ vs. m(DM) plane for m(DM) $\sim{}$ $0.07 - 10$ GeV for various simplified models.

²³

CHENG 2021 search for MeV-scale DM scatter from ${{\mathit e}}$ in PANDAX-II. No signal detected. Limits set in ${{\mathit \sigma}}({{\mathit \chi}}{{\mathit e}}$) vs. m(DM) plane for two choices of form factors; ${{\mathit \sigma}}({{\mathit \chi}}{{\mathit e}}$) $<$ 10 pb for m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) = 10 MeV and F$_{DM}$ = 1.

²⁴	AKERIB 2020 search for mirror DM with LUX 95 d ${\times }$ 118 kg data for mirror ${{\mathit e}}$ scatter from ${}^{}\mathrm {Xe}$; no signal, limits placed in kinetic mixing parameter vs. mirror ${{\mathit e}}$ temperature T $\sim{}$ $0.1 - 0.9$ keV plane.

²⁵	AMARAL 2020 search SuperCDMS data for low mass DM scatter from ${{\mathit e}}$ in ${}^{}\mathrm {Si}$; no signal; quoted limit ${{\mathit \sigma}_{{{e}}}}$ $<$ $8.7 \times 10^{2}$ pb for m(DM) = 10 MeV with form factor F$_{DM}$ = 1.

²⁶	APRILE 2020 report excess at electron recoil around $2 - 3$ keV in ${}^{}\mathrm {Xe}$; data compared to unforeseen tritium background, and various signal models (bosonic DM, solar axion, and neutrino magnetic moment).

²⁷	ARNAUD 2020 search for MeV DM scattering from ${{\mathit e}}$ in ${}^{}\mathrm {Ge}$; no signal; quoted limit is for m(DM) = 10 MeV with form factor F$_{DM}$ = 1.

²⁸	BARAK 2020 report search for MeV scale DM scatter from ${{\mathit e}}$ in ${}^{}\mathrm {Si}$; limits placed in ${{\mathit \sigma}_{{{e}}}}$ vs. m(DM) plane; quoted limit is for m(DM) = 10 MeV and form factor F$_{DM}$ = 1.

²⁹	ABRAMOFF 2019 search for MeV-scale WIMP scatter from ${}^{}\mathrm {Si}$ skipper-CCD; limits placed on ${{\mathit \sigma}}({{\mathit \chi}}{{\mathit e}}$) for m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) $\sim{}$ $0.5 - 100$ MeV depending on DM form factors. Limit given for m(DM) = 1 MeV.

³⁰	AGUILAR-AREVALO 2019A search for MeV scale DM scatter from ${{\mathit e}}$ in ${}^{}\mathrm {Si}$ CCDs at SNOLAB; no signal, limits placed in ${\mathit \sigma (}$e${)}$ vs. m(DM) plane for m(DM) $\sim{}$ $0.6 - 100$ MeV.

³¹	APRILE 2019D search for light DM scatter on ${}^{}\mathrm {Xe}$ via ionization; no signal, limits placed in ${{\mathit \sigma}}$ on nucleus vs. m(DM) plane for m(DM) $\sim{}$ $0.02 - 10$ GeV; quoted limit is for m(DM) = 0.2 GeV.

³²

AGNES 2018B search for MeV scale WIMP scatter from ${{\mathit e}}$ in ${}^{}\mathrm {Ar}$; no signal, limits set in ${{\mathit \sigma}_{{{e}}}}$ vs. m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) plane for m $\sim{}$ $20 - 1000$ MeV and two choices of form factor F(DM); quoted limit for m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) = 100 MeV and F = 1.

³³

AGNESE 2018B search for ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit \chi}}$ scatter in SuperCDMS; limits placed in ${{\mathit \sigma}}({{\mathit e}}{{\mathit \chi}}$) vs. m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) plane for m $\sim{}$ $0.3 - 1 \times 10^{4}$ MeV for two assumed form factors and also in m(dark photon) vs. kinetic mixing plane. Limit given for m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) = 1 GeV and F=1.

³⁴

CRISLER 2018 search for ${{\mathit \chi}}$ ${{\mathit e}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \chi}}{{\mathit e}}$ scatter in ${}^{}\mathrm {Si}$ CCD; place limits on MeV DM in ${{\mathit \sigma}_{{{e}}}}$ vs. m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) plane for m $\sim{}$ $0.5 - 1000$ MeV for different form factors; quoted limit is for F(DM) = 1 and m(${{\mathit \chi}}$) = 10 MeV.

³⁵	APRILE 2017 search for WIMP-${{\mathit e}}$ annual modulation signal for recoil energy in the $2.0 - 5.8$ keV interval using 4 years data with ${}^{}\mathrm {Xe}$. No significant effect seen.

References

Except where otherwise noted, content of the 2025 Review of Particle Physics is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license. The publication of the Review of Particle Physics is supported by US DOE, MEXT and KEK (Japan), INFN (Italy) and CERN. Individual collaborators receive support for their PDG activities from their respective institutes or funding agencies. © 2025. See LBNL disclaimers.

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